Tuesday, December 31, 2024
Wednesday, December 25, 2024
Tuesday, December 24, 2024
Sunday, December 22, 2024
MY GIFTS : DECLARATION FOR MISTRESSES
Mistresses, especially those of you who are gifted generously and living the life of a millionairess because of your man and learning all about the good things in life, this may be difficult. You see so many beautiful things when you shop and travel and you want to give him a memento.
Still, if you are not equals economically, it is more important that you save your money than buy him expensive gifts that you cannot afford. BESIDES IF YOU HAVE NO INCOME OF YOUR OWN he sees that you are using the money he gave you to spend on him - as if you don't need it when you do.
For those of you who are working and have your own income, that does not equal what he earns, also be aware that something small and special, just right for him, even if it is not expensive, is what to do.
Mistress Manifesto BlogSpot C 2010-2024 All Rights including Internet and International Rights
Saturday, December 21, 2024
Thursday, December 19, 2024
THE PERFECT CUP : HOW TO MAKE TEA THE BRITISH WAY
PRE-WARM THE TEAPOT. (My experience is that the teapot should be ceramic and not metal.) How so? It would seem to me that boiling water would heat the pot. So I take this to mean that some boiling water is poured into the pot just to warm it up, that is poured out, and then the freshly boiled water to make the tea is poured in.
REMOVE THE TEA and STIR - More oxygenation.
Tuesday, December 17, 2024
Sunday, December 15, 2024
SUSAN "SHOE" MARY TAYLOR - "HIPPIE" MISTRESS OF JONATHAN GUINNESS, 3rd BARON MOYNE
We may never know if France, Great Britain, or Spain have more of them. Certainly France has the reputation of tolerance, while in Spain there has been the tradition of the Big House for the Wife and the Little House for the Mistress - so a place within the culture for mistresses. However, the expectations on Spanish women to marry as virgins and hold to their virtue as wives, seem to be a pressure French women don't feel so much.
Great Britain seems to somewhere in between. This country was the scene of the "Swinging Sixties" and sexual liberation, though not quite the feminism of the United States. (Those of you familiar with the rock stars of that era probably know most of them wanted a traditional wife, not a careerist.) Mistresses are acknowledged but also protected by a man's closest friends, his employees, and his family while publicly it's best kept a secret. A good example would be Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles, the debutant who was his Mistress and is now his wife. Reportedly Camilla may have even helped Charles pick Lady Diana Spencer to be his wife and she may have wished to remain his mistress and share him. Friends of his arranged to host the couple and allow them the use of their homes to meet up alone for years. Diana, however, did not wish to man share or cooperate in allowing her husband this Princely privilege.
To the book: Amazon - Great Britain reviewed the book and had this to say, "This book celebrates the charisma of a singular woman, Shoe, who started life as a butcher's daughter in Oldham, took the hippie trail to Europe and the East in the 1960's and then led a life rich with colour and incident. She went to prison in Tunis, sang for Salvador Dali in Spain, sat at the feet of gurus in India and Japan, rode an elephant in Beirut, worked in an orphanage in Sri Lanka and a health farm in Ireland. She survived eight months in prison, the trauma of a gang rape in Morocco and struggled for seven years against the ravages of bulimia"
In accounts I've read on line about Susan, the following account for her being defined as a hippie: hitchhiking, world travel and intrigue, busking, living in communes and staying in places where everyone slept on the floor, rallies for the legalization of marijuana, playing in the occult - magic, eastern religion. The list goes on.
Like other Mistresses covered here at Mistress Manifesto BlogSpot who've had extramarital children, whom others call illegitimate, such as the children of Gordon Getty or Aldo Gucci, there is no hiding adult children with lives of their own. When the children are recognized, supported, and loved, even as children of a Mistress, they are in a far better place in life than a child born illegitimately into poverty, abandoned by a birth father, and left to attend the School of Hard Knocks.
Her obituary that appeared in the Telegraph was a life story in itself, which I will link to later in this month.
C 2020 Mistress Manifesto BlogSpot
All Rights Reserved Including Internet and International Rights.
Friday, December 13, 2024
Tuesday, December 10, 2024
PAMELA DIGBY CHURCHILL HARRIMAN - DUMPY DEBUTANTE TO AMBASSADOR TO FRANCE
Pamela Digby was born into the aristocracy of Great Britain - the lowest rung of five, she was Honorable. Though her family lacked the money that some of her peers displayed when they were introduced to society formally, and though as a debutante she was considered not successful, and her early and first marriage to Winston Churchill's son Randolph was a disaster, she became known as The Courtesan of the 20th Century. She was the mistress of several important and wealthy men, and managed to marry three times. She seemed to work hard - study - these men to please them - and it could be argued that she actually wanted to marry more than one of them but lost at love. She was known for her femininity and her nurturance of them as well as her ability to help them make the contacts they wanted for business. She had few women friends but counted The Duchess of Windsor, the ex Wallis Simpson, as a close one. She might be thought of as a reinvention-of-self artist. A chameleon. A risk taker. She was ambitious for the good life. She had one, but crisis compelled her to move on, and on. The title of Sally Bedell Smith's book REFLECTED GLORY says a lot; Pamela reflected the glory of the men she enchanted. These men could have so very many women but for a time they chose her. Being her keeper was even a way for them to claim status.
Not one to write her memoirs or even keep a diary, perhaps no one really knew what she was thinking - or plotting - at any point in her life. Often she kept a game face and did not reveal her true emotions. She liked to keep the men guessing about their status in her life. So one has to know the person by the evidence of their actions. Was she really just after other women's husbands or had the wives of those men not cared enough for them? Perhaps she learned the lessons of her birth status: women were not heirs. If they wanted to live in style it was though marriage - or men - that one could. Had she not been introduced to society specifically to become engaged and married within a debutante season or two? Had she not done her duty to produce a male heir - the grandchild of Winston Churchill the World War II era statesman - by marrying his son Randolph; he proposed she marry him on their first date specifically because he feared not leaving an heir as he went off to war himself.
For those of you who have to coax your beauty, Pamela was considered dumpy in her teens and from mid-life on. She really had to work at it. She was not considered to be all that attractive - just average - and in her early years her clothes were barely fashionable. She was even ridiculed for her looks. Yet she lived through years in which her taste in clothing and upkeep of her hair and skin allowed her to be considered a great beauty. Her personality was cheerful and flirtatious but perhaps not spontaneous. Yet she was not known for her sense of humor and tended not to air her own opinions - not until she was widowed from her third husband and began to become a fundraiser for the Democratic party in the United States. It's said she was important to the election of President William Jefferson Clinton. She became the Ambassador to France! She lived into her 80's.
These next two months will be devoted to Pamela Digby Churchill Harriman. Her life included many whose names have appeared here at MISTRESS MANIFESTO BLOGSPOT in the past.
You'll be enthralled with her story. And you'll learn why she is thought to have achieved what no other woman of the 20th century did; being kept by a "golden string of lovers" who had wealth and power.
Missy
C 2019 Mistress Manifesto BlogSpot
Saturday, December 7, 2024
MARY BOLEYN : MISTRESS OF KING HENRY VIII
First published in January of 2012, a month dedicated to Mary Boleyn as Mistress of the Month.
Go to January 2012 using archives on the side bar of the start page to read all the posts about Mary Bolyn (aka Mary Boleyn).
HENRY VIII had so many mistresses, including Elizabeth Blount before her, and Mary's sister Anne Bolyn was one of them too. Mary is the one who had a happy ending to her life - marriage to a man she loved who loved her without so very many complications - and who SURVIVED. Anne's the one who married the King and got beheaded.
Henry married Anne after he finally gave up on his wife of many years, Katherine of Aragon, try as the poor woman did, to give him a legitimate MALE heir. (We know so many men still dwell on having a son!)
Then, unhappy with a mistress as wife, it was Anne Bolyn that he sent to the block - beheading!
Mary seemed to have survived all this and have his child, a daughter named Katherine Carey, while she was married to William Carey. Henry sent William Carey off somewhere so he wouldn't interfere in their affair. She was devastated when the King dumped her for her sister.
Because of their daughter, Katherine Carey, there are a few people alive today who are blood related to Henry. If the book author Alison Weir is right, today's decedents of Mary Bolyn include Camilla Parker Bowles and Princess Diana!
Alison Weir's latest book called "MARY BOLEYN - Mistress of Kings" is fascinating. She has to tease out the details but is good at pointing out where other authors of the subject have run on assumptions. The term Kings is used because Mary may have been the mistress of the French King Francois I when she was a young teenager at his court. (The subtitle "The Great and Infamous Whore" turns out to be wrong)!
Mary, for all the details and historical research Weir did, remains a bit of a mystery. Was she simply compliant? Yet twice she married for love! Was she boring and without opinion or is it that she knew how to survive?
The book came out 2011 published by Ballantine Books and should be on your mistress bookshelf!
Friday, December 6, 2024
Wednesday, December 4, 2024
ROYAL BABYLON by KARL SHAW : MISTRESS MANIFESTO BOOK REVIEW
on page 68 we read...
"The British royal family, through Queen Victoria and her nine children, was related to the German Emperor, the Czar of Russian, and the kings of Spain, Portugal, Belgium, Bulgaria, and Romania; and via Edward VII's wife, Alexandra, they were linked to the royal families of Greece, Denmark, and Norway... the biggest danger comes from marrying cousins, because their children can inherit a double dose of recessive genes... The blue bloods may have lived hundreds, even thousands, of miles apart, but they were still in effect marrying the girl next door...
DID INTERBREEDING MAKE PEOPLE CRAZY OR MAYBE HYPERSEXUAL?
on page 89 we read...
"When King Augustus II of Poland lay on his deathbed in 1733, his last words were "My whole life has been an unceasing sin --- God have mercy on me!" ... (He was known for) his exceptional physical size and strength, his gluttony, his drinking prowess and his lechery, but most of all for his astonishing virility. Over a period of half a century he fathered 365 bastards, give or take a dozen. It is probably only fair to record that there was also one legitimate heir.... Augustus presided over an enormous warren of concubines. Some enjoyed official status; other he preferred to keep quiet about --- his own daughter, the Countess Orzelska, for example. One of his favor trysts was the Swedish Countess Aurora of Konigsmark; another was Fatima, a captured Turkish slave girl. Some of his more ambitious mistresses negotiated legal contracts and annual salaries for themselves; one earned herself a large palace in Dresden...
on page 90 we read...
"August the Strong's progeny went on to populate most of Europe and some of them because famous in their own right, including Maurice de Saxe and his daughter George Sand.
Monday, December 2, 2024
A MERRY OLDE ENGLAND CHRISTMAS
It happens....
Hello My Dear Readers...
In the Mediterranean climate of Southern California this season, palm trees swaying in the breeze and beach days still possible, I imagine instead the snowy Continental Climate of Europe or the Temperate Maritime Climate of the British Isles. I listen to classical music and I make pots of tea and bake some scones - or at least purchase some from Trader Joes market. Though I no longer put up a Christmas tree, I do like to have a few branches of fresh pine in the house to scent the air. I arrange ornaments in bowls as centerpieces for the table. I pull out old photographs and a few toys that were mine as a child and leave them out to look at. Sometimes I just want to be alone with a good book. Sometimes I indulge myself socially. I don't have a fireplace but if you're from the snow belt, well, you might be amazed at how many people here do. There's a smell of wood fire in the air on the colder nights. (Few of us actually run our heaters unless we have a cold streak. Instead we actually get under quilts.) If ever there's a time to wear flannel here, this is the time.
In order to celebrate Merry Olde England, I've mined past posts to bring you a variety of Great British mistresses. You can use the side bar where past posts are archived to bring up the entire year and month and read through... Some interesting reading awaits you as you nosh on crackers and cheese and a glass of wine.
So cozy up and enjoy the season with me!
Missy
Sunday, December 1, 2024
Saturday, November 30, 2024
Thursday, November 28, 2024
Tuesday, November 26, 2024
AUDREY MUNSON : EXPLOITED SHATTERED BROKEN : A COME BACK AFTER YEARS OF REJECTION AND POVERTY BUT FIRST THE PERFECT MAN
I discovered a link to some news articles and "The Queen of the Artists Studios" is a series of articles from 1921 written by Audrey Munson (perhaps with a ghost writer) At the time Hollywood was making a film about her life called "The Audrey Munston Story" which became titled "The Soul Within."
ANDREA GEYER ; Link to Images re Audrey Munson News Articles
She ended up more that disappointed and fighting for money owed her.
Page 249: "The "Perfect Model" now sought "The Perfect Man." Audrey had been badly battered by the double blow of Oelriches's rejection and the Wilkins murder-suicide. Her movie career was over and she had been reduced to selling kitchen utensils door-to-door with Kittie. Her manager had robbed her and she was still living with her mother at the age of thirty. It was time to find a husband."
***
The press loved the story and soon enough it became a national obsession to find this woman a husband. Some reported that she was looking for a man who resembled a Greek or Roman statue. It was a time in which Eugenics, the study of how to cause humans to reproduce in order to increase what were considered perfect characteristics of health and beauty, was popular. Since she embodied the perfect woman, she needed a perfect man. Letters from all over became to arrive, men proposing themselves to her. Now the often rejected Audrey was like a kid in a candy store, finding reasons to reject potential suitors.
She wrote that the Gypsy Queen had told her she would reject six and marry the seventh. Actually she rejected the seventh - if we think of all these potential suitors as one effort and with the suggestion that she was rejected by the perfect man.
In April of 1922, she declared that a man named Joseph H. Stevenson was the one she wanted. It did not work out, though there is a mystery to this. Stevenson may have gotten engaged or married to someone else. His name is common enough to not assume. Audrey, overwrought by yet another tragedy, attempted to poison herself - suicide.
Sunday, November 24, 2024
THE SCANDAL THAT RUINED "AMERICAN VENUS" AUDREY MUNSON'S MODELING CAREER
"American Venus" or "Miss Manhattan" : Audrey Muson's image continues in paintings, sculptures, and magazine covers. But her career as a model was brief. Often chaperoned by her mother as a young teen, her image was never used in pornography but as inspired by the works of the ancient Romans and Greeks. She might have fallen in love or not, but in 1919 there was no way to avoid being associated with scandal.
A few years earlier she was in four silent films. As excerpted from an article linked below from the William G. Pomeroy Foundation.... referencing James Bone
Excerpt: In 1915 Munson launched her career in the silent film industry. She starred in a total of four films: Inspiration (1915), Purity (1916), The Girl o' Dreams (1918) and Heedless Moths (1921). She became the first woman in America to appear nude in a film in 1915. (Referencing the New York Times on 15 April 2016). Munson was praised by local newspapers as being, "The transcendent embodiment of feminine grace and beauty" in her films (Referencing The Kingston Daily Freeman on 5 December 1916).
WILLIAM G. POMEROY FOUNDATION (for Historical Preservation) on AUDREY MUNSON
Excerpt: ... Munson and her mother were living in a boarding house which belonged to a Dr. Walter Keene Wilkins. Wilkins fell in love with Munson and murdered his wife so he could be with her, despite the fact that Munson and Wilkins were never involved socially or romantically (Referencing Vaudeville, 22 October 1920). Wilkins was subsequently convicted of murder and hung himself to escape the electric chair. This scandal damaged Munson's career and reputation and as a result she struggled to find employment. Munson lived with her mother who was selling kitchenware door-to-door in Syracuse to support them (Vaudeville). She became overwhelmed and distraught in 1922 and attempted suicide (New York Post).
Friday, November 22, 2024
WHY ARE YOU AGAINST FRIENDS WITH BENEFITS MISSY? IS THIS TYPE OF RELATIONSHIP THE SLIPPERY SLOPE TO BEING A MISTRESS?
Question for Missy:
Missy, I want to know why you're against Friends With Benefits I'm 21 and a senior in college. I'm smart and I use contraception. I have two friends I have sex with. We think this is a good way to avoid having sex with partners who would want more with us. We're not ready to get married to anyone.
Becky
UCLA - Los Angeles
Answer from Missy:
I'm for Choice and respect that the Friends With Benefits lifestyle is your choice at this time in your life. However, it's possible that you might be missing out on being completely available to someone else who might be an excellent choice as a partner in your life in your youthful stage. Let's face it that as the years go by it's more difficult to meet someone to partner with, not impossible but more difficult. Many college students find their first partners while at school. After that is a career building period, with many feeling themselves established seeking a first marriage in their late twenties. Into your thirties a great number of previously available potential partners are already in commitments. I tend to think a woman should consider being a Mistress only after having experienced their twenties - early thirties. By then a person probably knows themselves well enough.
Right now you're sort of man sharing and maybe you'll also find that an interesting way to live your life as a Mistress. Here at Mistress Manifesto BlogSpot we continue to try to define what a 21st Century Mistress is or is not. We know being a Mistress does not necessarily mean adultery or being involved with a person who is married. We also know that there are many who give it a try and do not like it. The days of the Classic Mistress, a woman who is fully supported for her lifetime by a rich married man, may be over. We also know that the best mistresses are not known to us. a
I tend to think that a woman should experience her sexuality and figure out where she's at with it before she partners. I also tend to think this, which I recently shared with a man I know. I said to him - and to you - and my readers - that idealistically I think it should be that people get to experience loving in many ways and with many people - with everyone in the know and unbothered by jealousy - but pragmatically we choose commitment to have and hold family. In the Western world the majority do marry and attempt to restrict their lives to just one partner, making those in Open Relationships or who share a partner with someone else in the minority.
And though there are women who Keep men, and there are women who have more than one lover at a time, it's usually men who have arrangements such as this.
So check in with yourself Becky, and ask yourself if you're the type to happily remain independent and relatively unattached, and what it would be to have great sex with someone you love rather than with a friend you like. Will you be OK when one or both of your Friends With Benefits partners end it with you because they found someone Special?
Missy
Thursday, November 21, 2024
AUDREY MUNSON as THE SETTING SUN
Tuesday, November 19, 2024
FLORODORA GIRLS : MANY MARRIED MILLIONAIRES
According to the book, The Curse of Beauty by James Bone, which is about the career and life of Audrey Muson, Marion Davies had appeared in the 1930 movie The Floradora Girl but in real life she had been a Ziegfeld Follies girl. (The costumes these girls wore left a lot to the imagination compared to the clothing actresses wear on the Red Carpet today.)
Evelyn Nesbit had also been picked out of Floradora Chorus line....
You know I've dedicated a month to these women in the past!
You may be interested in:
MARION "ROSEBUD" DAVIES : MISTRESS OF NEWSPAPER MAN AND HEARST CASTLE BUILDER WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARST
Saturday, November 16, 2024
AUDREY MUNSON : UNSTABLE and SPINNING CONSPIRACY THEORIES : POSSIBLY PREGNANT BY HERMAN OELRICH JR? THE SILVER MINING HEIR?
Audrey even wrote a long letter to the State Department going against Hermann Oelrichs and others, people who had deeply hurt her. The Gypsy Queen's world about Dead Sea may have been taken to mean Jewish people. Audrey seemed to be antisemetic at a time when that was not uncommon. If she had not been secretly married to the man, perhaps she had been his Mistress and pregnant at one time.
This began the infamy of Audrey Munson which would ruin her modeling career and render her unemployable. But both Dr. Wilkins and Audrey denied they had more than passing hellos between them.
Wednesday, November 13, 2024
THE LASTING SCULPTURAL LEGACY OF AUDREY MUNSON "MISS MANHATTAN" in NEW YORK CITY
A twenty five foot sculpture across from New York City Hall... It's the second tallest sculpture in New York city as the Statue of Liberty is first. It's on the Municipal Building.
The Pulitzer Fountain outside the Plaza Hotel near Central Park.
Arch at the end of the Manhattan Bride as "Spirit of Commerce"
Entrance of New York Public Library.
Monday, November 11, 2024
AUDREY MUNSON : AN ATTEMPT TO BE ACCEPTED BY SOCIETY and MARRY A SILVER MINING HEIR GOES WRONG : THERE'S NO GOING FROM BOARDING HOUSE TO NEWPORT "COTTAGE"
Unlike the ever critical mother of Maria Callas, whom was our Mistress of the Month last month, Audrey Munson's divorced mother Kittie, seemed to not only depend on her, but appreciate her. Home from a day of holding poses, her muscle's stiff, Kittie would massage her daughter. Kittie also went to work at poorly paying jobs to provide. It would be Kittie, however, who determined that Audrey was not capable of dealing with the world and committed her to a mental hospital.
Kittie also took her daughter to Eliza the Gypsy Queen when she was a girl. The Gypsy Queen seemed to be making a soothsaying tour at the time. She told her:Around 1916, Audrey took the fifth man into her life and this time, though there had been speculations about her sexuality due to her nude modeling, this man probably was a lover. She wrote a semi fictional newspaper account of her love life and gave him the name Gordon, but other than that he was a "movie director" and an older man, not much is really known about him.
Friday, November 8, 2024
Tuesday, November 5, 2024
AUDREY MUNSON AS AN ARTIST'S MODEL : SHE SAW IT AS AN AUDIENCE OF ONE : ON SCULPTOR and EVEN A LADY LIBERTY COIN
Arnold Genthe - Photographer, Felix Benedict Herzog - sculptor, Isadore Konti - and so very many more. Audrey saw her nude posing as for an audience of one. She was paid about fifty cents an hour.
Using the Inflation Calculator here: Fifteen cents in 1913 be about fifteen dollars an hour in 2024. (An unlivable wage.)
In this Rochester-made video it's noted that she was the model for over 100 statues exhibited in the 1915 World's Fair and a Lady Liberty coin. (According to the book, she demurred and said she had been just one of the models for the coin.)
Saturday, November 2, 2024
AUDREY MUNSON : AMERICA'S FIRST "SUPERMODEL" : AN ALLEGED INVOLVEMENT WITH A MARRIED MEN LED TO HIS SUICIDE AND THE END OF HER CAREER and SANITY
She became one of the Floradora Girls and all six of the original girls married a millionaire. (Evelyn Nesbit had also been picked out of a Floradora chorus line as a teenager. Certainly she must have heard of the scandal when Nesbit's lover killed another man over her.) Before she turned eighteen, Audrey made her Broadway debut in "The Boy and The Girl."
Friday, November 1, 2024
Thursday, October 31, 2024
Wednesday, October 30, 2024
TALKING TILL SUNRISE : DOMESTIC VIOLENCE and SUICIDE and EATING DISORDERS : SOME PHONE NUMBERS FOR YOU IF YOU NEED THEM!
This month's posts have reminded me that Domestic Violence is not restricted to the poor, as is stereotyped, and that Suicide is not the way to solve emotional and psychological pain. I want you, my readers, to be as healthy in body and mind as one can be. So I'm going to offer a couple phone numbers that may be the first step to improving your life if you are suffering. Though I don't personally deal with Domestic Violence and have never been Suicidal, friends of mine have been. I'm not making light of these issues at all.
Yes, I've talked on the phone for many hours with a friend who was depressed and in therapy and mostly it was all over a man, a man who was actually a good man but simply working on his PhD. and had little time for women in general, but was just not that interested in her. They were not having an affair. Not yet, anyway. She was obsessed with him and had developed quite a fantasy about what might happen in their relationship simply because they went for coffee and held hands on a walk. I stayed on the phone with her - long distance - until the sun rose and she could call her therapist for an emergency appointment.
We live and learn. All these years later, I have more knowledge and experience, and think I would probably deal with women friends who were in relationships that would never make them happy a bit differently. I never played therapist and suggesting therapy to another person took a long time for me to do. I still think that having a confidant or two is important and that loyalty and faithfulness in friendships is so important. However, sometimes as a close personal friend it takes you a while to realize that your friend who is in such pain needs someone to talk to who has a professional perspective.
I recently met a young woman who told me that talking about your personal life or problems to strangers made it obvious to her that a person needed to be in therapy. I do not agree with that. Sometimes disclosure and sharing are exactly how people bond and find out they have some things in common. (I also found out later that this particular young woman had serious problems such as drug addiction, a petty criminal record, and so on, so she was intensely in to therapy.) No, a therapist is not a friend! They are paid professionals with education and experience in the field of psychology. A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who can prescribe medications. Usually a person sees a therapist first. (And if you're in therapy and it's not helping, you may need to switch to a different one.) With a friend I'm not able to be objective like a professional might be.
Understanding what is or is not abuse or violence is important just as understanding what is or is not depression rather than just a bad mood or sadness.
If you find yourself in a relationship or circumstances like Maria Callas did, well, this is 2024 and you don't have to be tortured like Maria.
988 is the designated number to go right to SUICIDE PREVENTION and CRISIS HOTLINE - and you can SMS (text) with them too. The previous 988 Lifeline phone number 800-273-8255 will always remain available to people in emotional distress or suicidal crisis.
https://988lifeline.org/current-events/the-lifeline-and-988/
And then there's the NATIONAL DOMESTIC VIOLENCE HOTLINE